Non-Finite Verbs

เป็นกริยาที่ไม่ได้ทำหน้าที่เป็นกริยาแท้ของประโยค แบ่งได้

1. Infinitives
2. Gerunds
3. Participles

1. Infinitive แบ่งเป็น 2 อย่าง

1.1 Infinitive without “to” ได้แก่ V. ที่ตามหลัง helping verb (กริยาช่วย)

V. to be: is,am,are was,were been

to have: has,have had had

to do: do,does did done

will would

shall should

can could

may might

must

need

dare

ought to

used to

would rather

had better (=shall, ought to)

1.2 Infinitive with “to”

1.2.1 Verbs + Infinitive with “to” and Gerund

attempt bear begin continue dislike

fear hate like intend love

prefer omit propose start learn

They began talking.

to talk.

1.2.2 Verbs + Infinitive with “to”

afford appear arrange be bound care

chance come dare decide fail

determine happen hope hurry manage

mean offer pretend promise prove

refuse seem trouble understand wish

He offered to mend his socks.

He happened to arrive later than we expected.

1.2.3 Verbs + Infinitive with “to”

+ Object + Infinitive with “to”

ask like choose want intend mean

hate beg love expect wish

My mother liked to sing herself.

My mother liked my father to sing.

1.2.4 Verbs + Object + Infinitive with “to”

allow advise cause compel encourage force

instruct invite oblige order permit persuade

press request teach tell tempt warn

They ordered him to leave the room.

We invited them to spend the day with us.

1.2.5 Verbs + Object + to have

to be

acknowledge guess consider reckon see find

know calculate maintain estimate understand take

declare believe

We believe him to be the cleverest of them all.

= We believe that he is the cleverest of them all.

= He is believed to be the cleverest of them all.

= I consider him to have the best collection in the country.

= I consider that he has the best collection in the country.

= He is considered to have the best collection in the country.

2. Gerunds (v-ing) ทำหน้าที่ได้เหมือนคำนาม

confess drop excuse fancy devote to finish

forgive hinder imagine mind pardon practice

prevent appreciate resent can’t help can’t stand can’t bear

can’t resist to be used to feel like to look forward to to be worth to be busy

it’s no good it’s no use to be accustomed to

หน้า gerund มี possessive adj., pronoun ที่ทำหน้าที่เป็นกรรมมานำหน้าได้ แต่ Verb ต่อไปนี้ใช้ possessive adj. + V-ing

avoid consider defer delay deny enjoy

postpone put off risk suggest

Would you mind opening the window?

Would you mind my opening the window?

Would you mind me opening the window?

Verbs ต่อไปนี้ใช้ Infinitive หรือ V-ing

1. Verb + Object + V-ing: She kept him waiting.

She caught him talking them.

We’ll set/get/start them working.

2. Verb + Object V-ing (the progress of the action)

Infinitive without “to” (completed action)

feel smell watch notice observe hear

see listen to perceive

crossing the road.

I saw the shopkeeper cross the road.

being robbed.

robbed.

3. remember

regret 1. + to infinitive (future)

forget 2. + V-ing (past)

I forgot to collect your homework yesterday.

(didn’t remember)

I shall never forget going with you to see the President.

(=will always have this memory)

4. mean

I meant to come early today. (intend)

A party tonight will mean (our) working extra hard tomorrow.

5. allow, permit

They don’t allow (permit) us to cycle in the park.

cycling in the park.

6. try

You must try to understand what I say. (=attempt)

Try adding water to you drink. (=experiment)

7. learn

She has learnt to cook. (=now she know how to cook)

She has been learning cooking. (=she has been studying the subject, but doesn’t know how to correct yet.)

8. need, want + V-ing ความหมายเป็น passive voice ประธานต้องเป็นสิ่งไม่มีชีวิต

I need to buy a new house.

My shoes need cleaning.

to be cleaned.

9. After “go” and “come”

They are going swimming. (เป็น physical activity)

to swim. (บอก purpose)

10. help จะใช้กับ “to-inf.” หรือ inf. Without “to”

He helped me (to) push the car.

11. Verb + V-ing or Infinitive with “to” ซึ่งมีความหมายแตกต่างกัน

: like, prefer, love, hate

I like looking at your photos. (in general)

I should like to look at your photos. (now)

12. pay

I paid him for mending my radio. (paid after mending)

to mend my radio. (paid before mending)

13. do + a lot of + gerund

Mary did a lot of riding when she was young.

14. let + object + V.1 Let him go out.

15. make + object + V.1 He made her cry.

adj. angry.

noun manager.

16. We may have an opportunity of going to England next year.

This will be a good opportunity (for you) to ask for more books.

When I next have occasion to visit England, I’ll take you with me.

17. prefer English to French.

She prefers fishing to hunting.

to fish rather than hunt.

18. would rather, had better: He would rather stay home than go to the movie.

19. stop + V-ing = หยุดการกระทำอันนั้น Stop working.

Stop + to = หยุดเพื่อที่จะทำ Stop to work.

20. spend

time (in) V-ing

spend + or +

money on something

He spent a lot of money (in) buying clothes.

on clothes.

3. Participles

3.1 Present Participle (V-ing) ทำหน้าที่

a. ใช้ใน continuous tense

He is running.

b. ใช้เป็น adj. ขยาย noun วางไว้หน้า noun หรือหลัง noun แสดงว่า noun ตัวนั้นต้องเป็นผู้กระทำ

running water floating wreckage growing crops

c. V-ing ใช้แทนประโยค หรือ main clause

ในกรณีที่ประธานตัวเดียวกัน และเป็นผู้กระทำ จะมีความหมายดังต่อไปนี้

1. กริยา 2 ตัวเกิดขึ้นพร้อมๆกัน ใช้กริยาตัวใดตัวหนึ่งเป็น V-ing

He rode away. He whistled as he went.

=He rode away whistling.

He holds the rope with one hand and stretches out the other to the boy in the water.

=Holding the rope with one hand, he stretches out the other to the boy in the water.

2. V-ing เป็นผลมาจากกริยาตัวแรก

She went out, slamming the door.

He fired, wounding one of the bandits.

I fell, striking my head against the door and cutting it.

3. V-ing เป็นเหตุการณ์ที่เกิดก่อนกริยาอีกตัวหนึ่ง

He opened the drawer and took out a revolver.

= Opening the drawer, he took out a revolver.

We take off our shoes and creep cautiously along the passage.

= Taking off our shoes, we creep cautiously along the passage.

d. V-ing ใช้แทน subordinate clause.

1. V-ing ใช้แทน as

since subject + V. เป็นการอธิบายการกระทำที่ตามมา

because

Knowing that he couldn’t be able to buy food on his journey he took large supplies with him.

= As he knew etc.

Fearing that the police would recognize him. He never went out in daylight.

= As he feared……..

Note: “being” ขึ้นต้นประโยค = As he is……..

As he was……..

Being a student he was naturally interested in museums.

Because

AS

2. ใช้แทน relative clause แสดงว่า noun ตัวนั้นเป็นผู้กระทำ

Children who need love ………..

= Children needing love………..

A map which marks the political boundaries…….

A map marking the political boundaries……..

3.2 Past Participle ( V)

a. ใช้เป็น adj.

ถ้าเป็นกริยาที่ต้องการกรรม(transitive V) จะมีความหมายเป็น Passive Voice เช่น

stolen money

a written report

ถ้าเป็นกริยาที่ไม่ต้องการกรรม(intransitive V) มีความหมายว่า เป็นเหตุการณ์ที่ผ่านพ้นไปแล้ว

a faded rose

a retired soldier

b. ในกรณีที่มี 2 ประโยค ประธานตัวเดียวกัน และมีกริยาตัวหนึ่งเป็นรูป passive voice ใช้กริยาช่องที่สาม

She enters. She is accompanied by her brother.

= She enters, accompanied by her brother.

John was punished by his mother. He ran away from home.

=Punished by his mother, John ran away from home.

3.3 Perfect participle

having + V active

having been + V passive

perfect participle เป็นการเน้นว่าเป็นเหตุการณ์ที่เกิดขึ้นก่อนอีกเหตุการณ์หนึ่งจริงๆ

Having finished his work he went home.

= After he had finished his work , he went home.

= After finishing his work, he went home.

= Finishing his work, he went home.

Having been punished by his mother, John ran away from home.

Absolute Phrase: ในกรณีที่ประธานของ 2 ประโยค เป็นคนละคนกัน เราสามารถทำเป็น participle ได้ โดยไม่ต้องตัดประธานทิ้ง และนิยมใช้ participle กับ ประธานที่ไมมีชีวิต

The day was fine. He decided to go for a walk.

= The day being fine, he decided to go for a walk.

When the train had left, he arrived.

=The train having left, he arrived.